Privacy and data protection: Legal aspects in the Republic of Macedonia

Nora Osmani

doi:10.7336/academicus.2016.14.04

Authors

Nora Osmani Information Technology Law, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2016.14.04

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical assessment of the existing Law on Personal Data Protection in the Republic of Macedonia. The paper aims to analyse whether there is a need for additional legal tools in order to achieve a balance between maintaining data integrity in the digital age and the use of modern technology. The paper discusses the meaning of “information privacy” in the age of big data, cyber threats and the domestic and international response to these issues. Special focus is dedicated to privacy policy enforcement in European Union Law. Having regard to the development of new technologies, prevailing data protection legislation may no longer be able to provide effective protection for individuals’ personal information. Therefore, existing laws should be continuously adapted to respond to new challenges and situations deriving from different online activities and communications.

Keywords:

personal data, privacy, digital age, cyber threats, European Union law

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References

Amnesty International report. (2015) Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, submission to the Human Rights Committee, 114th session. Available at: https:// www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR6517682015ENGLISH.pdf.
Bessant, C. (2015). The application of Directive 95/46/EC and the Data Protection Act 1998 when an individual posts photographs of other individuals online. European Journal Of Law And Technology, 6(2), 1-27. Retrieved from http://ejlt.org/article/view/39
Consumer privacy bill of rights (2012) Consumer data privacy in a networked world: A framework for protecting privacy and promoting innovation in the global digital economy, 5. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/ default/files/privacy-final.
Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia of 17 November 1991, as amended on April 2011. Available at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_ id=239364.
Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia of 23 July 1966 (consolidated version with the amendments from March 2004, June 2006, January 2008 and September 2009).
Danagher, L. (2012). An Assessment of the Draft Data Protection Regulation: Does it Effectively Protect Data?. European Journal Of Law And Technology, 3(3). Available at: http://ejlt.org/article/view/171/260.
Directorate for Personal Data Protection annual report (2014). 33-34. Available at: http://dzlp.mk/sites/default/files/u1002/MK.pdf.
European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (“ENISA”) report (2015). Privacy by design in big data: An overview of privacy enhancing technologies in the era of big data analytics, ISBN: 978-92-9204-160-1, DOI: 10.2824/641480 -1, 13-14. Avai
European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950 as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14 supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13.
Kilkelly, U. (2003). The right to respect for private and family life. A guide to the implementation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Human rights handbook No.1, 39. Available at: http://www.echr.coe.int/ LibraryDocs/DG2/HRHAND/DG2
Lampinen, A., Page, X. & Vitak, J. (2015). The Future of Networked privacy: Challenges and Opportunities. CSCW’15 Companion’, March 14–18, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 267-272 Available at: https://www.academia.edu/17330201/ The_Future_of_Networked_Privacy.
Li, F., Zou, X., Liu, P., & Chen, J. (2011). New threats to health data privacy. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(Suppl 12), S7. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471- 2105-12-s12-s7.
Personal Data Protection Law of Republic of Macedonia (‘Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia’, no. 7/05, 103/08, 124/08, 124/10, 135/11, 43/14 and 153/15).
Privacy International report (2015). The Right to Privacy in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Available at: https://www.privacyinternational.org/ sites/default/files/PI%20submission%20Macedonia.pdf.
Samuel, D. W. & Louis, D. B. (1890). The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4 (5), 193. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1321160.
The Right to Privacy. (1891). Harvard Law Review, 5(3), 148. Available at: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/1322232.
Danaj, Lorenc, and Aleks Prifti. “Respect for privacy from the Strasbourg perspective.” Academicus International Scientific Journal 5 (2012): 108-118.
Walden, I. (2002). Anonymising Personal Data. International Journal Of Law And Information Technology, 10(2), 224-237. Available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/ijlit/10.2.224.

References

Amnesty International report. (2015) Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, submission to the Human Rights Committee, 114th session. Available at: https:// www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR6517682015ENGLISH.pdf.

Bessant, C. (2015). The application of Directive 95/46/EC and the Data Protection Act 1998 when an individual posts photographs of other individuals online. European Journal Of Law And Technology, 6(2), 1-27. Retrieved from http://ejlt.org/article/view/39

Consumer privacy bill of rights (2012) Consumer data privacy in a networked world: A framework for protecting privacy and promoting innovation in the global digital economy, 5. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/ default/files/privacy-final.

Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia of 17 November 1991, as amended on April 2011. Available at: http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_ id=239364.

Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia of 23 July 1966 (consolidated version with the amendments from March 2004, June 2006, January 2008 and September 2009).

Danagher, L. (2012). An Assessment of the Draft Data Protection Regulation: Does it Effectively Protect Data?. European Journal Of Law And Technology, 3(3). Available at: http://ejlt.org/article/view/171/260.

Directorate for Personal Data Protection annual report (2014). 33-34. Available at: http://dzlp.mk/sites/default/files/u1002/MK.pdf.

European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (“ENISA”) report (2015). Privacy by design in big data: An overview of privacy enhancing technologies in the era of big data analytics, ISBN: 978-92-9204-160-1, DOI: 10.2824/641480 -1, 13-14. Avai

European Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950 as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14 supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12 and 13.

Kilkelly, U. (2003). The right to respect for private and family life. A guide to the implementation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Human rights handbook No.1, 39. Available at: http://www.echr.coe.int/ LibraryDocs/DG2/HRHAND/DG2

Lampinen, A., Page, X. & Vitak, J. (2015). The Future of Networked privacy: Challenges and Opportunities. CSCW’15 Companion’, March 14–18, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 267-272 Available at: https://www.academia.edu/17330201/ The_Future_of_Networked_Privacy.

Li, F., Zou, X., Liu, P., & Chen, J. (2011). New threats to health data privacy. BMC Bioinformatics, 12(Suppl 12), S7. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471- 2105-12-s12-s7.

Personal Data Protection Law of Republic of Macedonia (‘Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia’, no. 7/05, 103/08, 124/08, 124/10, 135/11, 43/14 and 153/15).

Privacy International report (2015). The Right to Privacy in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Available at: https://www.privacyinternational.org/ sites/default/files/PI%20submission%20Macedonia.pdf.

Samuel, D. W. & Louis, D. B. (1890). The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4 (5), 193. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1321160.

The Right to Privacy. (1891). Harvard Law Review, 5(3), 148. Available at: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2307/1322232.

Danaj, Lorenc, and Aleks Prifti. “Respect for privacy from the Strasbourg perspective.” Academicus International Scientific Journal 5 (2012): 108-118.

Walden, I. (2002). Anonymising Personal Data. International Journal Of Law And Information Technology, 10(2), 224-237. Available at: http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/ijlit/10.2.224.