Optime
type: channel
publisher: Albanian University
language: sq-AL
publication name: Optime
issn: 2220-461X
items: The Israeli–Palestinian peace process: A framework for a two-state solution
items: The role of digitalization in preventing criminal offenses committed by state employees
items: Alcohol use among adolescents and parenting styles
items: Procrastination and self-esteem: An analysis of procrastination in relation to self-esteem and demographic variables among public servants in Tirana
items: The impact of digitalization on the legal protection of victims of cybercrime: A critical analysis and perspectives for Albania
items: The impact of artificial intelligence in psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy: Innovations, limitations, and ethical dilemmas
items: Influencer or victim? Legal aspects of using a child’s image on social media by family members for profit
items: Digitalization of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters
items: Artificial intelligence in the legal system: Regulation and ethics
items: Global security and cybercrime: An in-depth analysis
items: Protection of personal data in a digitalized justice system
items: Teachers’ perspectives on the education system in Albania
items: Challenges of implementing Law No. 18, dated 23.02.2017, “On the rights and protection of the child”
items: The use of credit cards and consumer access models: Patterns of use in Albanian banks
items: Transparency in the digital age: The role of technology in facilitating the building of trust in public institutions
items: The impact of EU funds on the development of agriculture in Albania
items: Artificial intelligence and the “Smart Parliament”: The case of Albania
items: Modeling and simulation of an induction motor
items: Mental health in old age: Challenges, nursing management, and possibilities for improvement in the Albanian healthcare system
items: Assessment of oral hygiene and gingivitis in patients during orthodontic treatment
items: Students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding metabolic syndrome: An in-depth summary
items: Implant-prosthetic management of patients with various dental conditions
items: Evaluation of aesthetic and functional outcomes in orthodontic treatments with and without premolar extraction: A literature review
items: Stress and depression among nurses: Impact on quality of life in Tirana’s hospital centers
items: Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment in chronic congenital anemias: Integrated perspectives and a systematic review
items: The effectiveness of core strengthening exercises in the rehabilitation and prevention of sports injuries in football players
items: Cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma in a 67-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer: A clinical case report
items: Agoraphobia and nursing care
items: The role of oral microbiota in the colonization and antifungal resistance of Candida spp.
items: Use of the pendulum appliance in managing Class II malocclusion with midline discrepancy: A case report
items: Substance use among Albanian youth: Health consequences, knowledge, and social perceptions
items: Clinical neurodermatology: A guide to understanding common neurodermatologic disorders
items: Nutrition as a key element in anemia in the city of Bulqiza
items: The Twin Block appliance in orthodontics: Indications and advantages
items: The ethics of communication with patients: A qualitative analysis of transparency and information
items: Treatment and rehabilitation of a case with hip arthroplasty on the background of bilateral neonatal osteomyelitis (right hip replaced)

The Israeli–Palestinian peace process: A framework for a two-state solution
type: item
description: For almost 80 years, since the UN General Assembly’s 1947 decision to create two distinct states in Palestine—one for Jews and the other for Arabs, as outlined in the Partition Plan—the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians has persisted. Recent escalations have led to violent clashes, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of innocent civilians on both sides. In this context, my paper outlines a framework for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with a focus on the peace agreement and its significant international implications. The project addresses key issues including borders, refugees, settlements, Jerusalem, and resources, and emphasizes potential resolutions to these challenges. It also proposes a solution to the Palestinian political and security forces’ inability to prevent violent attacks against Israel. The new plan requires the non-negotiable acceptance of interim administration by the UN and NATO for the new state of Palestine. This proposal establishes conditions for a democratic Palestinian state within modified pre-1967 borders, under UN and NATO oversight for security and development, as a pathway to full independence. Additionally, the peace plan offers security guarantees for Israel.
creator: Erion Piciri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 221
ending page: 228
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7275

The role of digitalization in preventing criminal offenses committed by state employees
type: item
description: Digitalization represents one of the most effective tools for strengthening institutional integrity and com-bating corruption in public administration. This paper aims to examine the role of technology in pre-venting criminal offenses committed by state employees and individuals entrusted with a public service, with a focus on the Albanian context. Through the digitalization of procedures, increased traceability of administrative actions, and the automation of services, powerful mechanisms are created to reduce the space for abuse and corruption. The study analyzes the impact of platforms such as e-Albania, electronic procurement systems, and digital registers on increasing transparency and accountability. It also address-es challenges related to the lack of technical capacities, institutional culture, and the need to harmonize the legal framework with technological developments. In conclusion, it is emphasized that digitalization is not merely a technological tool, but a necessity for building trustworthy and fair institutions that can resist corruptive influences and protect the public interest.
creator: Barjam Gjishti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 139
ending page: 141
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7263

Alcohol use among adolescents and parenting styles
type: item
description: The aspect of alcohol use among adolescents and the style and role that parenting plays in their upbring-ing is a concept and issue that is increasingly being discussed in literature and various writings nowa-days. The growing importance attributed to this topic comes from the fact that the number of adolescents consuming alcohol at such an early age has increased significantly. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that influence alcohol use among adolescents, as well as the role that parents have played and continue to play in educating their children about the problems adolescents face during this period. It also seeks to understand what parenting style is used—whether these adolescents come from families with authoritarian, permissive, or balanced (authoritative) parents. This is a quantitative study, as the instrument used for data collection is a questionnaire. The study in-cludes four second-year groups from four high schools in the city of Tirana. The selected sample con-sists of high school students aged 16–17, with an effort made to maintain a gender balance among the participants. This study attempts to explain the psychological and social factors that lead adolescents to alcohol use, as well as the impact alcohol has on their health and lives. Furthermore, it takes into account the role of parents and the parenting styles they use with their children, which is a very important aspect in the education of adolescents, helping to prevent them from engaging in risky behaviors such as alcohol use at this age. The number of adolescents who consume alcohol regularly in Albania has been significantly increasing in recent years.
creator: Brunilda Laboviti
creator: Greta Katreli
creator: Bejlinda Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 142
ending page: 149
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7264

Procrastination and self-esteem: An analysis of procrastination in relation to self-esteem and demographic variables among public servants in Tirana
type: item
description: Procrastination is a complex psychological behavior with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components involving postponement of tasks or work for later despite negative consequences. This behavior has been widely studied by foreign researchers and has become the focus of psychological studies lately. This study aims to analyze procrastination in the Albanian context in relation to self-esteem and demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, education, and the number of children among public servants in the city of Tirana. The study included 182 participants, of whom 140 were female and 42 were male, employed in public institutions in the city of Tirana. In order to measure the relationship between procrastination and self-esteem, two self-report instruments were used: Lay’s General Procrastination Scale and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. The results show that 95.6% of participants have a normal level of procrastination, 2.7% of public servants have a high level of procrastination and 1.6% have a low level of procrastination. Pursuant to the study hypothesis that procrastination is expected to have a statistical correlation with the self-esteem it resulted that there is no statistically significant relationship between the two variables, nor between procrastination and demographic variables. Partial correlations revealed that procrastination statements had a statistical relationship with self-esteem and demographic variables. It was observed that 95% of the procrastination statements showed a statistically significant relationship with both the self-esteem statements and the demographic variables.
creator: Eniana Dangëllija
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 150
ending page: 157
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7265

The impact of digitalization on the legal protection of victims of cybercrime: A critical analysis and perspectives for Albania
type: item
description: In an increasingly digitalized society, where social, economic, and institutional interactions are shifting to the virtual sphere, cybercrime has become a major challenge for criminal justice and the protection of individuals’ fundamental rights. This paper analyzes the impact of digitalization on the legal protection of victims of cybercrime, by examining the transformation of the nature of crime, the new forms of victimization, and the legal challenges arising from these developments. Relying on a theoretical and comparative analysis methodology, the paper identifies gaps in the current protection of victims at both the European and national levels, and critically addresses the limitations of the traditional punitive model in the context of digital crime. Within this framework, alternatives are proposed for building a new model of protection, based on integrated assistance, harm restoration, and the guarantee of victims’ rights, inspired by the most advanced models of the European Union. The paper concludes with concrete recommendations for adapting the Albanian system to the new challenges of cybercrime, highlighting the need for institutional, legal, and social reforms to ensure the effective protection of fundamental rights in the digital age.
creator: Gerta Gjeta
creator: Ermira Biba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 158
ending page: 165
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7266

The impact of artificial intelligence in psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy: Innovations, limitations, and ethical dilemmas
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of psychology by introducing significant changes in psychological diagnosis and psychotherapy. Advanced AI systems, based on deep learning algorithms and automated intelligence, can analyze clinical data, identify behavioral patterns, and suggest person-alized diagnoses or treatments. Meanwhile, the use of AI in psychotherapy, through chatbots and digital platforms, raises new concerns regarding authenticity, empathy, and ethical considerations in psychologi-cal therapy. One of the major challenges is the existential anxiety experienced by patients guided by a ma-chine, affecting the level of trust and the effectiveness of treatment. Furthermore, ethical dilemmas related to data privacy, clinical responsibility, and the boundaries between humans and technology remain open for discussion. This study aims to explore the impact of AI in psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy by analyzing innovations, limitations, and ethical challenges associated with its application in mental health.
creator: Irena Hysenaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 166
ending page: 174
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7267

Influencer or victim? Legal aspects of using a child’s image on social media by family members for profit
type: item
description: In a world where every click can be turned into profit, children are becoming the protagonists of a digital transformation that is fundamentally changing the definition of work and the relationship between childhood and technology. This has created a new landscape where the lack of legal protection regarding children’s rights in relation to income and labor conditions exposes them to exploitation. The creation and distribution of content by parents featuring their children on platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok raises concerns about whether children are being exploited for profit without their consent or understanding. In addition to being involved in content to generate income, children are also exposed to the creation of a permanent digital footprint, which can negatively impact their privacy and rights. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal gaps in the field of children`s rights and labor, including specific cases from practice, and highlighting the risks that are not covered by existing legal frameworks. In particular, the article examines how international legislation addresses the issue of child exploitation by their family members for financial gain. The article concludes with recommendations emphasizing the need for regulation to protect children’s rights. Due to the nature of this phenomenon, research in this field is still limited, and this article seeks to fill these research gaps.
creator: Iris Shehaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 175
ending page: 181
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7268

Digitalization of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters
type: item
description: The use of electronic means to handle requests for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters has become an efficient practice of cooperating states. This practice has also been legally formalized through the Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, even more so now with the proposal for a third additional protocol. Through qualitative methods, this article unfolds the main instruments that improve and modernize the mutual assistance process, which also resolve shortcomings identified by legal practitioners. The article deals with Eurojust’s role as the coordinator of international judicial cooperation in the context of measures for the EU’s Digital Criminal Justice platform. In particular, this article analyzes the standards of the relevant Albanian legislation and bilateral agreements on mutual assistance, and presents secondary data on cases from practice. The article concludes with the finding that integrating digitalization in the mutual legal assistance process facilitates international judicial cooperation significantly, and in this regard, it recommends that the Albanian system adopt both existing and future standards.
creator: Maend Kullaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 182
ending page: 188
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7269

Artificial intelligence in the legal system: Regulation and ethics
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming an essential tool in the legal field, helping lawyers analyze cases, predict legal outcomes, and even automate contracts. While these advancements improve efficiency, they also bring ethical and legal challenges. One major concern is ensuring that AI-based decisions are fair and unbiased, especially in court rulings. If AI systems are not properly regulated, they may reinforce existing biases or make decisions that lack transparency. This paper explores how AI is changing the legal system and the risks associated with its use. It examines the need for clear regulations to prevent discrimination, ensure accountability, and maintain public trust in AI-driven legal processes. Key solutions include ethical guidelines, transparency requirements, and human oversight to ensure that AI remains a tool that supports, rather than replaces, human judgment. By reviewing real-world examples and legal policies, this paper aims to highlight how law and technology can work together. The goal is to find a balance between innovation and justice, ensuring that AI benefits society while respecting fundamental legal principles.
creator: Marjeta Shaholli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 189
ending page: 195
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7270

Global security and cybercrime: An in-depth analysis
type: item
description: Cybercrimes have increased a lot in the international arena and to date there is no international institution to take actions on the increasing number of cybercrimes. However, this concern exists for all countries in the world that face cyberattacks on a daily basis. This is a new phenomenon for all countries as a result of the increased use of the internet and the purchases that we make especially on websites anywhere in the world. Attention to cybercrimes has increased everywhere in every country in the world, the countries of the Global North have greater protection in terms of cybercrimes than the Global South, but now cybercrime knows no borders and becomes difficult to catch. What happens to all the information that is requested from us by different websites like Amazon when we buy a new product? Do they store our address, credit card, card number, and phone number on a secure and encrypted server? When you Accept User Agreement for iTunes, which you obviously don’t read, what protections does Apple offer to keep your information safe? Yes, consumers increasingly use the internet to make everyday purchases and businesses increasingly collect and store consumer information. Safeguards must be put in place to ensure that this information is stored in a way that limits and prevents cybercrime threats. An October 2015 study by the Ponemon Institute determined that the average annual cost of cybercrime in the United States is $15.42 million for United States Companies – an increase from $12.69 million just a year ago.’ As the threat of cybersecurity breaches to consumers continues to grow, and the costs associated with this threat continue to rise, businesses must find ways to protect consumers. How Countries will deal with the rise of cybercrime when there is no international organization that examines or regulates legislation regarding cybercrimes that know no borders? As happened with the taking of personal data of individuals in Albania from Iranian attacks for…
creator: Orinda Malltezi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 196
ending page: 203
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7271

Protection of personal data in a digitalized justice system
type: item
description: The digitalization of the justice system brings significant benefits in efficiency, transparency, and access to legal services. However, it also presents important challenges regarding the protection of citizens’ personal data. In Albania, the legal framework for data protection is based on Law No. 9887/2008 “On the Protection of Personal Data.” With the increasing use of electronic systems and artificial intelligence (AI) in the justice sector, the need for additional protective measures arises. The analysis of key risks is related to the storage, processing, and sharing of personal data within courts, prosecution offices, and automated legal services. Additionally, it examines the impact of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Albanian legislation and the need for alignment with European standards. The focus is on strategies and mechanisms necessary to ensure the security and confidentiality of data in the justice system, while maintaining a balance between technological innovation and the protection of fundamental human rights.
creator: Rialda Xhizdari
creator: Klevent Xhizdari
creator: Sibela Ymeraj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 204
ending page: 208
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7272

Teachers’ perspectives on the education system in Albania
type: item
description: The problems of Albanian education system are very broad and need important attention from the policy makers. Despite the efforts that have been noticed to support education, especially regarding aligning the Albanian education to that of the developed countries of the European Union, there are still many shortcomings that prevent high achievements from students as well as from teachers. There is lack or insufficient funding in public schools to meet the needs of an adequate education for children and teachers. Even though many public schools are reconstructed, there are still many schools with no laboratories for conducting experiments in scientific subjects. These subjects are mainly theoretical, making the lesson more difficult for the teachers and very unattractive for the students. This paper examines several problems consisting in teachers’ salaries, support that they receive from the school, how the trainings they received from the state entities contributed to their professional experience, teachers’ motivation as well as their school environment. Methodology: The methodology used in this study is the quantitave research. This research study comprises a questionnaire completed by 100 teachers of elementary and secondary schools working in Tirana. The questionnaire was conducted for the period of time April to May 2024. Out of 100 teachers 92% work in public schools and 8% work in private schools. The purpose of this research is to focus on the problems that teachers encounter nowadays in the Albanian schools. How difficult is for the teachers of elementary school students to support children and what are the methods of support they receive from their schools and how much is invested in their professional career. Objective: The objective of this research is to identify the main problems encountered in the Albanian education system from the teachers’ perspective. The teachers are requested to provide their own opinions based on the necessities they have, infra…
creator: Vasilika Papa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 209
ending page: 214
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7273

Challenges of implementing Law No. 18, dated 23.02.2017, “On the rights and protection of the child”
type: item
description: This paper aims to present several theoretical and practical aspects related to the implementation of the Law “On the Rights and Protection of the Child.1” In adopting this law, the legislator sought to take measures to ensure that every child exercises their rights in accordance with their personal development and based on their best interests. Furthermore, in order to adopt concrete measures for the promotion, respect, and protection of children’s rights, the legislator has emphasized the need for cooperation among central and local structures, authorities, and organizations that safeguard children’s rights. The Law “On the Rights and Protection of the Child,” as an important legal act in the field of children’s rights, reflects a series of principles already enshrined in international instruments that guarantee and protect the rights of the child. To ensure the child’s healthy physical, mental, moral, spiritual, and social development, as well as to secure an adequate family and social life, the law establishes the fundamental principle of the best interests of the child2, which must be the primary consideration in all decisions concerning the child3. Respect for the best interests of the child is a binding obligation for parents in the context of building stable family relationships, but it also constitutes a duty for key actors within the integrated child protection system. Therefore, the law also enshrines several other important principles, including: – The principle of equality and non-discrimination;– The principle that every child should live and grow up in an appropriate family environment, and that separation from the family should be considered only as a last resort;– The principle of participation, listening to, and respecting the views of the child, in accordance with the child’s age and capacity for understanding;– The principle of the primary responsibility of parents to provide their child with adequate living conditions, and to ensure their proper…
creator: Merita Karaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 215
ending page: 220
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7274

The use of credit cards and consumer access models: Patterns of use in Albanian banks
type: item
description: Over the past few decades, there has been a shift of people from using traditional payment methods to digital methods, thus creating innovation in the payment system. Nowadays, the market is determined to bring a different culture to Albania. The purpose of this study, which is based on the use of credit cards in the Albanian market, especially in Tirana, is to determine the attitude of society towards these credit cards. A questionnaire distributed among 100 consumers was used for primary data collection. This study contains both qualitative analysis and quantitative data analysis. The qualitative analysis addresses the ABC model of behavior, the use of credit cards, and the inflation problems caused by their use. The quantitative analysis highlights model statistics as well as the study of econometric analysis, based on the independent variables that are considered, such as monthly income level, security, prestige, and interest rate, which are thought to have a strong relationship with the use of credit cards as well as the expenses incurred during their use. Age, gender, monthly income, employment status, the reason for use, frequency of use per month, and duration of use are considered in the statistical model. Various tests have been developed to provide an accurate estimate of the relationship of variables using the SPSS Statistics program. All independent variables have exhibited a positive impact concerning the dependent variable. This paper aims to show the perceptions of people who use credit cards and those who hold a negative attitude about their use.
creator: Valbona Cinaj
creator: Artur Ribaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 231
ending page: 243
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7276

Transparency in the digital age: The role of technology in facilitating the building of trust in public institutions
type: item
description: The use of technology can play a key role in improving transparency and accountability in the digital age, as well as facilitating the strengthening of citizens’ trust in public institutions, providing easy access to information and data for citizens, media and civil society organizations. This study examines the relationship between data availability on three key dimensions of the Global Data Barometer 2022 (GDB) - political integrity, public finances, and public procurement - and Transparency International’s 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). The data was from 106 countries. Consistent with expectations, political integrity exhibited a moderate correlation with the perception of corruption; the higher the political integrity, the less corrupt the country was perceived to be. In contrast, the correlations between CPI and data availability on public finance and public procurement were weak, although these areas are traditionally considered more exposed to corruption. Although the study does not enable the identification of a cause-and-effect relationship, the results suggest that the integrity of political and institutional actors may have more weight in building trust in institutions than transparency on the administration of public revenues. In this context, the use of technology to provide open data, to build interactive platforms for public consultation, or to automate asset declaration systems, is presented as an important instrument for the democratization of information. However, while technology can contribute to creating a more favorable climate for accountability and increasing public trust, it must be accompanied by political will and clear institutional commitment to share complete, accessible in real time and, preferably, machine-readable data.
creator: Dritan Taulla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 244
ending page: 254
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7277

The impact of EU funds on the development of agriculture in Albania
type: item
description: In the process of Albania’s European integration, agriculture represents a strategic sector of particular importance for economic development and the improvement of living conditions in rural areas. The European Union, through its pre-accession funds, in particular the IPARD (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development) program, has offered concrete opportunities for the modernization of the Albanian agricultural sector. The aim of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect impact of EU funds on increasing productivity, improving the quality and standards of production, as well as on the development of the rural economy. The paper analyzes the progress achieved through EU-supported investments in Albanian farms, including the use of modern technologies, the development of agritourism and support for the processing of agricultural products. It also highlights the challenges related to the absorption of funds, institutional capacities and the lack of information for farmers. Through this analysis, concrete measures are suggested to improve the access and efficiency of European funds in the function of sustainable rural and agricultural development.
creator: Yzeir Selamaj
creator: Valbona Cinaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 255
ending page: 266
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7242

Artificial intelligence and the “Smart Parliament”: The case of Albania
type: item
description: Albania is facing one of the biggest technological challenges, “Artificial Intelligence”. The main legislative institution in Albania, the Albanian Parliament, has been trying to create legislation for the “embrace” of “Artificial Intelligence” in the last three years, as a condition also by the European Union. According to the “Artificial Intelligence” Index Report for 2024 by Stanford University in the United States, it turns out that the global legislative landscape has seen a significant increase in laws related to “Artificial Intelligence” in recent years. From 2016 to 2023, parliaments in 127 countries around the world approved a total of 123 draft laws mentioning “Artificial Intelligence”. These laws address a variety of issues, including educational reforms, non-discrimination in AI algorithms, and the establishment of AI training programs. This highlights the increasing recognition of the need for regulatory frameworks to manage the development and deployment of AI technologies responsibly. Such legislative measures aim to ensure that advances in AI benefit society by mitigating the potential risks of manipulation or misuse of advanced technology. Parliaments need to ensure that the adoption of AI is guided by strict policies, ethical testing, and comprehensive training. How does the Albanian Parliament stand up to such a challenge? By using the comparative method, we will attempt to bring to light the recent initiatives of the Albanian Parliament for adaptation to “Artificial Intelligence”. We will also aim to show, by quoting the Albanian legislation today, the positive and negative effects of “Artificial Intelligence” on Albanian legislation and finally some recommendations for the legislative body regarding the challenges that “Artificial Intelligence” is expected to bring.
creator: Erjon Dervishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 267
ending page: 271
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7243

Modeling and simulation of an induction motor
type: item
description: Due to their affordability, dependability, and longevity, induction motors are among the most widely used motors. The induction motor is modeled and simulated within a stationary reference frame using the qd0 transformation theory. The motor's dynamic activity is captured by the differential equations of the system. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to carry out simulations, which concentrate on important motor output parameters as phase current, motor speed, and electromagnetic torque. The benefits of applying the qd0 transformation theory to motor modeling are amply illustrated by the simulation results.
creator: Jozef Kola
creator: Anja Cenameri
creator: Aurela Qamili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 272
ending page: 288
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7244

Mental health in old age: Challenges, nursing management, and possibilities for improvement in the Albanian healthcare system
type: item
description: Mental health problems among older adults in Albania are increasing due to population aging, social isolation, limited services, and under-resourced healthcare; this narrative review summarizes common conditions such as depression, dementia, and anxiety, discusses contributing factors, and emphasizes the central role of nurses in early detection, coordinated care, and family support, while proposing system-level recommendations to strengthen training, community services, and integrated policies for elderly mental health.
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Fiona Nishani
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Dorian Kostandini
creator: Kleva Shpati
creator: Erdona Metaj
creator: Fatjona Topalli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 11
ending page: 17
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7245

Assessment of oral hygiene and gingivitis in patients during orthodontic treatment
type: item
description: Introduction Orthodontic treatment can use fixed or removable orthodontic appliances to straighten teeth and improve bite. Maintaining good oral hygiene throughout life is important to address several issues, including gingivitis. Methodology The standard of observational study was the study of oral hygiene and the risk of gingivitis in patients undergoing dental treatment. This is an observational, cross-sectional study, conducted in several dental clinics in Tirana and Prizren. Through a standardized, all-online questionnaire for 70 patients, oral hygiene and signs of gingivitis were collected. Statistical analysis was performed with the R program. Oral hygiene was assessed with a 0–5 points system, while gingivitis was clinically assessed based on redness, swelling, and bleeding during tooth brushing. Results A total of 64 were included. 69% were female and 31% male. Oral hygiene was good in 37% of cases, average in 44% and poor in 19%. The risk of gingivitis was lower in patients with good hygiene (83% symptoms), while patients with inadequate or insufficient hygiene had higher symptoms of gingivitis. Most patients reported that they had received clear instructions from the orthodontist for oral care throughout their lives. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between the level of oral hygiene and the risk of developing gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. It is recommended that oral hygiene care must be an essential component of treatment and that regular monitoring of oral hygiene and timely intervention must be performed.
creator: Drita Ndou
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 18
ending page: 23
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7246

Students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding metabolic syndrome: An in-depth summary
type: item
description: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a growing public health challenge worldwide, characterized by a cluster of metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of cardiovascular disease and diabetes [1][2]. This study explores the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs (KAPB) of university students in Albania regarding MetS, with a focus on obesity, hypertension, and lipid disorders. Given the limited data on young populations in Albania [15], assessing students’ awareness is critical since they represent future healthcare professionals and potential agents of preventive change.
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Dorian Kostandini
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Fiona Nishani
creator: Kleva Shpati
creator: Alba Sakaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 24
ending page: 30
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7247

Implant-prosthetic management of patients with various dental conditions
type: item
description: Dental implants have become a primary treatment modality in daily clinical practice. Due to their high long-term survival rates, they are now considered the preferred option for prosthetic rehabilitation in many clinical situations. Although they require relatively long treatment time and it comes with higher costs for patients, the overall patient perception of success and satisfaction with outcomes has made fixed prosthetic restorations on implants one of the most sought-after choices in the field of prosthodontics.
creator: Aleksandër Shabanllari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 31
ending page: 37
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7248

Evaluation of aesthetic and functional outcomes in orthodontic treatments with and without premolar extraction: A literature review
type: item
description: Despite being a common orthodontic treatment procedure, permanent tooth extraction remains a contentious issue due to its potential functional and aesthetic effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate, through a literature review, the aesthetic and functional outcomes of orthodontic treatments with and without premolar extraction.
creator: Elvira Ramovic
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 38
ending page: 46
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7249

Stress and depression among nurses: Impact on quality of life in Tirana’s hospital centers
type: item
description: Introduction: The mental health of healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, is an increasingly important issue in modern healthcare systems. Daily exposure to stressful situations, multiple responsibilities, and emotion-al burdens significantly affect the mental well-being of these professionals. However, in many cases, their psychological needs remain underestimated, impacting not only their personal quality of life but also the effectiveness of patient care. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the impact of stress and depression on the quality of life of nursing staff in hospital centers in the city of Tirana. Through a questionnaire distributed across five hospital centers, the study aims to identify the levels of stress and depression, and their correlation with the physical, emotional, and social dimensions of quality of life. Methodology: The research method is based on data collection using standardized questionnaires: the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) for stress, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression, and the WHOQOL-BREF for quality of life. Data collection was conducted between February 2025 and May 2025 (over a four-month period). The questionnaire was completed via the Google Forms platform. Responses were gath-ered from 410 nursing staff members working in hospital centers in the city of Tirana. Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate a strong correlation between high levels of stress and depressive symptoms with a significant reduction in quality of life among nursing staff. The negative effects of these psychological phenomena manifest as persistent fatigue, deterioration of interpersonal relation-ships, and a noticeable decline in professional performance, which directly affects the quality of care provided to patients. The study highlights the need for structured interventions such as psychological support, improved working conditions, and early identification of symptoms, in order to maintain men-tal health an…
creator: Juventina Ngjela
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Erind Thartori
creator: Sonila Shamku
creator: Dorian Kostandini
creator: Sabjola Subashi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 47
ending page: 53
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7250

Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment in chronic congenital anemias: Integrated perspectives and a systematic review
type: item
description: Objective: This comprehensive article explores the emerging role of pharmacogenetics in optimizing treatment for chronic congenital anemias, including β-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (SCD), and rare erythropoietic disorders. It integrates a systematic review with an in-depth clinical analysis of personal-ized medicine strategies. Methods: A systematic literature review (2015 - 2024) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines. Results: Genetic profiling significantly improves drug selection, dosing, and toxicity management in congenital anemias. Conclusion: Pharmacogenetics supports a transformative shift toward personalized therapy in hema-tology by improving efficacy, reducing adverse effects, and enabling the integration of novel targeted treatments.
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Fiona Nishani
creator: Kleva Shpati
creator: Dorian Kostandini
creator: Juventina Ngjela
creator: Erind Thartori
creator: Sabjola Subashi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 54
ending page: 60
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7251

The effectiveness of core strengthening exercises in the rehabilitation and prevention of sports injuries in football players
type: item
description: This clinical article highlights the global importance of core training in sports physiotherapy, focusing on improving performance and minimizing injuries. The core, encompassing regions from the scapula to the gluteals, plays a crucial role in athletic performance and injury prevention. The concept of the core has been at the center of attention in many media and scientific journals from the end of the last decade to the present. Since the core is the area that connects the upper and lower limbs, control of core strength, balance, and movement can optimize the entire kinetic chain, which includes isolated athletic gestures of both the upper and lower limbs. Several studies have shown that excellent core stability is associated with better physical performance across all sports. The purpose of this article is to highlight the effectiveness in postural changes, injury prevention and core stability after applying the implemented program. A strong core is functionally related to performance in sports that requires static and dynamic body balance. This article also aims to identify gaps and deficien-cies in the literature and suggests further reviews in this area. This article underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to core training in sports phys-iotherapy for improving athletic performance and reducing injuries. The results and recommendations presented contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of sports physiotherapy and provide a valuable resource for professionals working with athletes at all levels.
creator: Ergys Rexha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 61
ending page: 71
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7252

Cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma in a 67-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer: A clinical case report
type: item
description: Literature Review: Kaposi’s Sarcoma is a vascular tumor associated with Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), which typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Case Report: We are reporting the case of a 67-year-old woman with a previous history of breast cancer who presented with multiple nodular purple lesions, in the brachial and femoral regions, 0.5-1 cm in di-ameter, for two months. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Conclusion: This case highlights the need to be aware of Kaposi’s Sarcoma as a potential secondary le-sion in cancer survivors, especially those treated with immunosuppressive therapies.
creator: Dorina Billa
creator: Majlinda Ikonomi
creator: Violeta Dajci
creator: Ina Dajci
creator: Gisela Veseli
creator: Ilda Mano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 72
ending page: 75
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7253

Agoraphobia and nursing care
type: item
description: Introduction: Agoraphobia is a form of anxiety that some people experience in places or situations in which they feel they cannot leave or that they cannot get help. Many people develop Agoraphobia after experiencing one or more panic attacks. They fear that the panic attack will happen again, so avoidance occurs. The most common symptoms of Agoraphobia are; fear of standing in crowds or queues, fear of closed spaces (elevators, theatres), fear of open spaces (parking lots or shopping centres) and fear of using public transport. Objectives: Since there are many patients suffering from Agoraphobia, the role of the nurse in their treat-ment is a key role, so follow-up and health education are the main focus of the treatment. The objectives of this paper are mainly to improve and increase the quality of nursing interventions associated with psy-chotherapeutic treatment. Methodology: This paper has been developed from various didactic materials as well as the experiences of health professionals in the follow-up of these patients. It also aims to provide an important overview of nursing interventions with the findings and researches carried out to reach a higher quality level of nursing service in the country and mainly for patients with an unstable health condition. Results: Nursing interventions in patients with Agorafonbi are in a different picture and these are associ-ated with high performance teams and improved patient care. Also, further researches are warranted to strengthen the empirical references, this can be done by improving the operational definition and explor-ing the specific mechanisms through which health education and nursing interventions affect health care outcomes in these patients. Conclusions: The nursing role in the treatment of these patients is very important in the step-by-step fol-low-up of the progress and the unstable condition they may have. Undoubtedly, the creation of a treatment plan and nursing intervention has high efficiency in the c…
creator: Erind Thartori
creator: Xhulia Marina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 76
ending page: 82
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7254

The role of oral microbiota in the colonization and antifungal resistance of Candida spp.
type: item
description: The oral microbiota is made of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, that live in the mouth and help protect against infections. This balance is important for oral and overall health. When the balance is disturbed, for example, due to antibiotic use, weak immune system, or poor oral hygiene, certain fungi, especially Candida albicans, can grow too much and cause infections like oral candidiasis. C. albicans is usually a harmless organism in the mouth, but it can become dangerous under the right conditions. It can change shapes which helps it invade tissues. It can also form biofilms, protective layers that make it harder for the immune system and antifungal drugs to remove it. These biofilms are difficult to treat and can lead to chronic or repeated infections. This fungus does not live alone. It interacts with different types of bacteria in the mouth. Some bacteria support C. albicans by helping it stick to surfaces and protect it from antifungals. Others, like lactic acid bacteria, can stop it from growing or forming biofilms. These interactions show how important the whole microbial community is when it comes to preventing or treating fungal infections. Thanks to modern technologies like gene sequencing and metagenomics, scientists can now study the en-tire oral microbiome, including both bacteria and fungi. These tools have shown how changes in bacterial populations can increase the risk of fungal infections. Understanding how the oral microbiota influences Candida resistance is essential for developing more effective diagnostic tools and treatment strategies. This review examines current knowledge on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between C. albi-cans and the oral microbiota, focusing on how these interactions affect oral health and lead to antifungal resistance.
creator: Evisa Isufaj
creator: Fiona Nishani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 83
ending page: 87
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7255

Use of the pendulum appliance in managing Class II malocclusion with midline discrepancy: A case report
type: item
description: The management of Class II malocclusions accompanied by midline deviation requires individualized approaches that balance treatment effectiveness with patient tolerance to orthodontic appliances. The Pendulum appliance is a fixed orthodontic device known as an effective and reliable method for maxillary molar distalization. This case report aims to describe the orthodontic treatment of an 11-year-old female patient presenting with a Class II malocclusion, midline deviation, and ectopic canine position on one side, using the Pendu-lum appliance. The treatment goal was to achieve controlled unilateral distalization to correct the midline shift. Following clinical and radiographic evaluations, a four-phase treatment protocol was followed for ap-proximately three years: molar distalization with the Pendulum appliance, spontaneous distalization of the premolars, space maintenance using a transpalatal (Nance) appliance, and finally, placement of fixed brackets. During treatment, the patient reported persistent discomfort due to the palatal component of the Pendulum, which caused oral hygiene challenges and mucosal irritation. The Pendulum appliance proved to be an effective solution for correcting a Class II malocclusion and midline deviation in a growing patient. However, appliance selection should always be based on individ-ual diagnosis, considering the type of malocclusion, patient age, and expected compliance. Further long-term studies with larger patient samples are needed to assess the stability of outcomes achieved with the Pendulum, especially in cases involving midline correction.
creator: Fortura Xerxa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 88
ending page: 95
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7256

Substance use among Albanian youth: Health consequences, knowledge, and social perceptions
type: item
description: Introduction: The use of psychoactive substances among young people is an increasing challenge in Albania, with serious impacts on their physical, mental, and social well-being. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practical experiences of young people related to drug use, as well as the contributing factors and possible consequences in their personal and academic lives. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices of young people in Tirana regarding drug use, and to identify the factors contributing to its use and the effects on mental, physical health, and social/professional life. Methodology This study was conducted using a quantitative research method through the collection of data via a structured questionnaire. Participants were selected through random sampling, including young people from various cities in Albania. Data was collected from 517 young individuals aged 18–25 in the city of Tirana. The data were statistically analyzed to identify key trends and correlations between various fac-tors. Data collection was carried out online (anonymously), using the Google Forms platform to ensure quick and efficient information gathering. Conclusions The results revealed a significant lack of knowledge about the real risks of drug use, especially concern-ing the most widespread substances such as cannabis. A considerable portion of young people expressed tolerant attitudes toward drug use, influenced by peer pressure, curiosity, and emotional stress. The findings highlight direct impacts on mental health, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and dete-rioration in sleep and concentration. The social and academic effects include social isolation, decreased academic performance, and strained family relationships. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for comprehensive educational interventions, prevention strategies, and psycho-social support for…
creator: Juventina Ngjela
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Erina Hilaj
creator: Sonila Shamku
creator: Dorian Kostandini
creator: Rudina Ormënaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 96
ending page: 104
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7257

Clinical neurodermatology: A guide to understanding common neurodermatologic disorders
type: item
description: It is generally accepted that the skin is a mirror of human health. In addition, neurological conditions may be accompanied by characteristic skin changes that are diagnostically significant. Therefore, a thorough and accurate examination of the skin can provide important clues in the neurological diagnostic process. The wide range of skin lesions and the wide spectrum of symptoms can make a simple differential diag-nosis difficult for non-dermatologists. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach can be the key to a correct diagnosis. This article addresses this topic by discussing selected neurological disorders and describing and discussing the various skin manifestations associated with neurological signs and symptoms.
creator: Malbora Xhelili
creator: Monika Fida
creator: Ilirjana Zekja
creator: Ermira Vasili
creator: Jera Kruja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 105
ending page: 114
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7258

Nutrition as a key element in anemia in the city of Bulqiza
type: item
description: Introduction and Objective: Anemia affects approximately one-third of the global population and con-tributes to increased morbidity, reduced work productivity, and impaired neurological development. A balanced diet plays a crucial role in the prevention of this condition. The objective is to understand and define the role of nutrition in the prevention, management, and study of anemia. This includes analyzing the impact of dietary choices on the occurrence, progression, and outcomes of the disease. Materials and Methods: 200 patients diagnosed with anemia were included in the study, initially select-ed from the patient registry at the Bulqizë Health Center. Patients were interviewed monthly during their visits to consult with a doctor or to receive medication. Dietary intake, visit frequency, and adherence to the doctor’s advice were documented in the questionnaire responses. Results: Following the diet is crucial, and 156 patients adhere to it by incorporating iron into their meals. Iron-rich foods have positively impacted patients with anemia. Conclusions: Our study confirms that nutrition plays a crucial role in the management of anemia. A daily balanced diet can significantly impact on your health in various ways. Iron-rich foods are essential for maintaining healthy blood levels. Regular consumption of these foods helps alleviate symptoms and improve anemia.
creator: Orjon Rroji
creator: Jasmina Kurti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 115
ending page: 129
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7259

The Twin Block appliance in orthodontics: Indications and advantages
type: item
description: TWIN-BLOCK is a removable orthodontic appliance designed by W. Clark in 1977. Is frequently used in the treatment of second class orthodontic anomalies with mandibular deficiency. In contemporary literature very little has been reported for the use of this functional appliance therefore, the main goal of this research was set to make a literature review to describe the indications, advantages and of these orthodontic appliances. As sources of information was used PubMed. The keywords used for searching were “twinblock, indications”, “twin block, advantages”. Twin Block device is indicated in cases such as: classII 1st dev, classII 2nd dev and class III malocclusion, frontal open bite, deep bite, cross bite, asym-metries faces, TMJ disorders. The advantages of use include: Ease of use; the twin block is a removable appliance, which allows patients to take better care of their oral hygiene. It stimulates the growth of the jaws due to its mild orthopaedic effect andit is easy to repair. Comfort; for many patients, it is more com-fortable to wear than other orthodontic devices, thanks to its special design. The possibilities to influence on the type of growth are limited because they depend on a number of fac-tors, however, usage of the Twin Block device can achieve satisfactory effects on the growth of the bone segment of the orofacial system.
creator: Silva Shyti
creator: Matilda Shena
creator: Erila Spahiu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 120
ending page: 124
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7260

The ethics of communication with patients: A qualitative analysis of transparency and information
type: item
description: Introduction: Effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients is an essential component of person-centred care and has a direct impact on the quality of care, patient experience, and health outcomes. This material addresses how the communication style of healthcare professionals and their perceptions of patients can influence patient engagement, satisfaction, and adherence to treatment. Patient-centred communication models significantly enhance healthcare professionals–patient interaction and contribute to improved physical and psychological outcomes. This is especially important in mental healthcare, where verbal communication is often the primary means of diagnosis and treatment, making the establishment of a shared understanding with the patient crucial. Objective: This study explores the importance of effective communication between healthcare profes-sionals and patients by exploring how communication styles and healthcare professionals’ perceptions influence patient engagement, satisfaction, and adherence to treatment, with the ultimate goal of enhanc-ing health outcomes and promoting a person-centred approach, particularly in mental health care settings. Methodology: This study employed the method of literature review as a qualitative approach to collect, analyze, and interpret existing data. Both national and international sources were examined, including scholarly articles, academic publications, institutional reports, and health policy documents. The aim of this methodology was to provide a clear theoretical and practical framework on the topic and to identify best practices and challenges within the relevant field. The selection of literature was purposeful, focusing on reliable and relevant sources aligned with the study’s objectives. Conclusions: Effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients plays a fundamen-tal role in improving the quality of care and health outcomes. The communication style and attitudes o…
creator: Juventina Ngjela
creator: Agim Koçiraj
creator: Erda Qorri
creator: Dorian Kostandini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 125
ending page: 133
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7261

Treatment and rehabilitation of a case with hip arthroplasty on the background of bilateral neonatal osteomyelitis (right hip replaced)
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to present the surgical treatment and rehabilitation progress of a young male patient who had suffered from bilateral neonatal osteomyelitis of the hip joints, with more severe damage on the right side. At the age of 26, the patient underwent total right hip arthroplasty, accompanied by a 3 cm femoral osteotomy and a 6 cm femoral lengthening procedure to address limb length discrepancy. Complications included sciatic nerve injury resulting in drop foot and knee joint stiffness, which persisted even after 9 months, with extension still limited to minus 15 degrees. This report documents the medical management, detailed physiotherapy plan, and progressive outcomes over a 9-month period.
creator: Iris Myftiu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Albanian University
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
number: 1
starting page: 134
ending page: 138
doi: 10.55312/op.v17i1.7262