Politikat e gjuhës dhe variacioni gjuhësor në Shqipërinë pas-socialiste dhe Kosovën e pavarur
Abstract
Ky projekt disavjeçar zhvillohet si temë doktorale dhe mbështetet nga Fulbright Hays, American Councils Title VIII, Universiteti i Michiganit, Departamenti i Antropologjisë dhe Departamenti i Gjuhësisë, si dhe Instituti i Antropologjisë Kulturore e Studimit të Artit në Tiranë.
Një nga çështjet kryesore që shtron ështëse çfarë tregon zëri për një terren politiko-ekonomik në ndryshim e sipër? Raportet midis standartizimit të gjuhës dhe variacionit sociolinguistik janë studiuar më shpesh në kontekstin e zhvillimit të kapitalizmit industrial dhe pabarazitë që ai sjell në metropolet e botës së parë dhe në kolonitë e botës së tretë. Më pak të studiuara janë gjuhët kombëtare të standardizuara si pjesë e modernizimit socialist dhe që vetëm më vonë u bënë pjesë e tregut neoliberal capitalist, shpesh paralelisht me ndryshime kufitare e administrative. Pavarësisht eksperiencave të ndryshme me socializmin shtetëror dhe bazave dialektore të ndryshme, Shqipëria dhe Kosova kanë një gjuhë standarde të përbashkët falë nacionalizmit gjuhësor pas-osman.
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References
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Babel, Anna M. 2014. Stereotypes vs. Experience: Indexing regional identity in Bolivian Valley Spanish. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18: 5, 604-633.
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Babel, Anna M. 2016. Awareness and Control in Sociolinguistic Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Ballinger, Pamela. 1999. “Definitional Dilemmas: Southeastern Europe as a ‘Culture Area’?” Balkanologie, 3:2, 1-15.
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Bloomaert, Jan dhe Jie Dong. 2010. Ethnographic Fieldwork: A Beginner’s guide. Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.
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Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
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Byron. Janet. 1976. Selection among Alternates in Language Standardization: The Case of Albanian. The Hague: Mounton & Co.
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Dodi, Anastas. 1970. Fonetika e Gjuhës Shqipe. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperisë.
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Friedman, Victor. 1999. “Linguistic Emblems and Emblematic Languages: On Language as Flag in the Balkans”. Kenneth E. Naylor Memorial Lecture Series in South Slavic Linguistics. Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literaures, Ohio State University: Columbus.
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Friedman, Victor. 2005. Albanian in the Balkan Linguistic League: A Reconsideration of Theoretical Implications. Studia Albanica, 1, 33-43. Friedrich, Paul. 1989. Language, Ideology, and Political Economy. American Anthropologist, 28, 295-312.
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Gjinari, Jorgji dhe Gjovalin Shkurtaj. 2003. Dialektologjia. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar.
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Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U. Pennsylvania Press.
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Greenberg, Robert D. 2004. Language and identity in the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Gumperz, John J. dhe Dell H. Hymes. 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart dhe Winston.
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Haeri, Niloofar. 1996. The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class, and Education. Routledge: London.
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Hill, Jane H. 1995. “Voices of Don Gabriel: Responsibility and Self in a Modern Mexicano Narrative.” Në The Dialogic Emergence of Culture përgatitur nga Dennis Tedlock dhe Bruce Mannheim: 97-147. University of Illinois Press.
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Inoue, Miyako. 2002. Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of Japanese Women’s Language. American Ethnologist, 29:2, 392-422. Inoue, Miyako. 2006. “Standardization.” Në Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics, botimi i dytë: 121-127. Elsevier: Cambridge.
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Irvine, Judith T. 1989. “When talk isn’t cheap: language and political economy”. American Ethnologist, 16:2, 248-267.
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Irvine, Judith dhe Gal, Susan. 2000. “Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation. Në Regimes of Language përgatitur nga Paul V. Kroskrity: 35-84. Sante Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
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Ismajli, Rexhep. 1987. “Fonemat Margjinale”. Në Artikuj mbi Gjuhën Shqipe: 212-218. Rilindja: Prishtina.
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Ismajli, Rexhep. 2005. Gjuhë Standarde dhe Histori Identitetësh. Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë.
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Keane, Webb. 2011. “Indexing Voice: A Morality Tale.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21:2, 166-178.
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Kreiman, Jody dhe Diana Sidtis. 2011. Foundations of Voice Studies. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
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Meek, Barbra. 2009. “Respecting the Language of Elders: Ideological Shift and Linguistic Discontinuity in a Northern Athapascan Community.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 17:1, 23-43.
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Milroy, James. 2001. Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4:5, 530-55.
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Moosmüller, Sylvia dhe Teodor Granser. 2006. “The Spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on the analysis of vowels”. Language Variation and Change, 18, 121-140.
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Morgan, Carrie Ann. 2017. “Post-socialist language ideologies in action: Linking interview context and language ideology through stance.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21:1, 34-63.
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Munishi, Shkumbin. 2013. Probleme të shqipes standard në Kosovë. Prishtinë: Zero Print.
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Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike [QSA]. 2011. Shqipja në Etapën e Sotme: Politikat e Përmirësimit dhe të Pasurimit të Standardit. Tirana: Botimet Albanologjike.
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Sankoff, Gillian. 2006. “Age: Apparent time and real time”. Në Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, botimi i dytë. Elviser: Cambridge.
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Silverstein, Michael. 1985. Language and the Culture of Gender: At the Intersection of Structure, Usage, and Ideology. In Elizabeth Mertz, Richard Parmentier (Eds.) Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives. Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.
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Skendi, Stavro. 1967. The Albanian National Awakening: 1878-1912. Princeton: Princeton University.
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Suslak, Daniel F. 2009. “The sociolinguistic problem of generations.” Language and Communication, 29, 199-209.
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Vehbiu, Ardian. 1997. Standard Albanian and the Geg Renaissance: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. The International Journal of Albanian Studies, 1:1, 5-20.
References
Babel, Anna M. 2014. Stereotypes vs. Experience: Indexing regional identity in Bolivian Valley Spanish. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18: 5, 604-633.
Babel, Anna M. 2016. Awareness and Control in Sociolinguistic Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ballinger, Pamela. 1999. “Definitional Dilemmas: Southeastern Europe as a ‘Culture Area’?” Balkanologie, 3:2, 1-15.
Bloomaert, Jan dhe Jie Dong. 2010. Ethnographic Fieldwork: A Beginner’s guide. Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
Byron. Janet. 1976. Selection among Alternates in Language Standardization: The Case of Albanian. The Hague: Mounton & Co.
Dodi, Anastas. 1970. Fonetika e Gjuhës Shqipe. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperisë.
Friedman, Victor. 1999. “Linguistic Emblems and Emblematic Languages: On Language as Flag in the Balkans”. Kenneth E. Naylor Memorial Lecture Series in South Slavic Linguistics. Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literaures, Ohio State University: Columbus.
Friedman, Victor. 2005. Albanian in the Balkan Linguistic League: A Reconsideration of Theoretical Implications. Studia Albanica, 1, 33-43. Friedrich, Paul. 1989. Language, Ideology, and Political Economy. American Anthropologist, 28, 295-312.
Gjinari, Jorgji dhe Gjovalin Shkurtaj. 2003. Dialektologjia. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U. Pennsylvania Press.
Greenberg, Robert D. 2004. Language and identity in the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gumperz, John J. dhe Dell H. Hymes. 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart dhe Winston.
Haeri, Niloofar. 1996. The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class, and Education. Routledge: London.
Hill, Jane H. 1995. “Voices of Don Gabriel: Responsibility and Self in a Modern Mexicano Narrative.” Në The Dialogic Emergence of Culture përgatitur nga Dennis Tedlock dhe Bruce Mannheim: 97-147. University of Illinois Press.
Inoue, Miyako. 2002. Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of Japanese Women’s Language. American Ethnologist, 29:2, 392-422. Inoue, Miyako. 2006. “Standardization.” Në Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics, botimi i dytë: 121-127. Elsevier: Cambridge.
Irvine, Judith T. 1989. “When talk isn’t cheap: language and political economy”. American Ethnologist, 16:2, 248-267.
Irvine, Judith dhe Gal, Susan. 2000. “Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation. Në Regimes of Language përgatitur nga Paul V. Kroskrity: 35-84. Sante Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
Ismajli, Rexhep. 1987. “Fonemat Margjinale”. Në Artikuj mbi Gjuhën Shqipe: 212-218. Rilindja: Prishtina.
Ismajli, Rexhep. 2005. Gjuhë Standarde dhe Histori Identitetësh. Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë.
Keane, Webb. 2011. “Indexing Voice: A Morality Tale.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 21:2, 166-178.
Kreiman, Jody dhe Diana Sidtis. 2011. Foundations of Voice Studies. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Meek, Barbra. 2009. “Respecting the Language of Elders: Ideological Shift and Linguistic Discontinuity in a Northern Athapascan Community.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 17:1, 23-43.
Milroy, James. 2001. Language ideologies and the consequences of standardization. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4:5, 530-55.
Moosmüller, Sylvia dhe Teodor Granser. 2006. “The Spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on the analysis of vowels”. Language Variation and Change, 18, 121-140.
Morgan, Carrie Ann. 2017. “Post-socialist language ideologies in action: Linking interview context and language ideology through stance.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21:1, 34-63.
Munishi, Shkumbin. 2013. Probleme të shqipes standard në Kosovë. Prishtinë: Zero Print.
Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike [QSA]. 2011. Shqipja në Etapën e Sotme: Politikat e Përmirësimit dhe të Pasurimit të Standardit. Tirana: Botimet Albanologjike.
Sankoff, Gillian. 2006. “Age: Apparent time and real time”. Në Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, botimi i dytë. Elviser: Cambridge.
Silverstein, Michael. 1985. Language and the Culture of Gender: At the Intersection of Structure, Usage, and Ideology. In Elizabeth Mertz, Richard Parmentier (Eds.) Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives. Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.
Skendi, Stavro. 1967. The Albanian National Awakening: 1878-1912. Princeton: Princeton University.
Suslak, Daniel F. 2009. “The sociolinguistic problem of generations.” Language and Communication, 29, 199-209.
Vehbiu, Ardian. 1997. Standard Albanian and the Geg Renaissance: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. The International Journal of Albanian Studies, 1:1, 5-20.



