Effects of migration on poverty, inequality, and human capital formation in Albania
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55312/op.vi2.4641Abstract
Albania has one of the world’s highest emigration rates, relative to its population, at 3.3 migrants per 1,000 people, and a total migrant population of more than 1.25 million in 2014, according to UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs data. In 2010 Albania was granted with visa-free travel to the Schengen area and this also affected the crossing of the borders and the circular migration across the land border between Greece and Albania was for many years, one of the most significant irregular migratory flows across the EU’s external borders.Keywords:
development, employment, human capital, migration, migratory flows.Downloads
References
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Akhtar, S. (1999). Immigration & Identity: Turmoil, Treatment & Transformation. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 112–118.
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Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L.,& Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youths: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303–332.
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Brüderl, Josef, Peter Preisendörfer, and Rolf Ziegler (1992): Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations. American Sociological Review, 57: 227-242.
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Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society: The Information Age: Economy, society and culture. New York, NY: WileyBlackwell, 427–449.
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Corbett, M. (2007). Learning to leave: The irony of schooling in a coastal community. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing Company, 251 – 260.
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De Soto, H., P. Gordon, I. Gedeshi and Z. Sinoimeri 2002. Poverty in Albania. A Qualitative Assessment. Washington DC: World Bank Technical Paper 520.
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Hobsbawm, E. (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 193–198.
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King, R., N. Mai and M. Dalipaj 2003. Exploding the Migration Myths. Analysis and Recommendations for the European Union, the UK and Albania. London: The Fabian Society and Oxfam, 93– 98.
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Lijtmaer, R. M. (2001). Splitting and nostalgia in recent immigrants: Psychodynamic considerations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 29(3), 427–438.
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Marlin, O. (1994). Special issues in the analytic treatment of immigrants and refugees. Issues in Psychoanalytic Psychology, 16(1), 7–16.
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Marcus, P. (2001). Loss and renewal. In P. Suedfeld (Ed.), Light from the ashes (pp. 421–429). Detroit, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
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Mehta, P. (1998). The emergence, conflicts, and integration of the bicultural self: psychoanalysis of an adolescent daughter of South Asian immigrant parents. In S. Akhtar and S. Kramer (Eds.), The colours of childhood: Separation individuation across cultural, racial and ethnic diversity (pp. 129–168). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
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Mirsky, J. (1991). Language in migration: separation and individuation conflicts in relation to the mother tongue and the new language. Psychotherapy, 28(4), 618–624.
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Nicholson, B. 2001. ‘From Migrant to Micro-entrepreneur: Do-It-Yourself Development in Albania’, South-East Europe Review, 4(3): 39-41.
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Smith, A. D. (2007). Nationalism in decline? in M. Young et al. (eds.), Nationalism in a Global Era. NY: Routledge, 16–29.
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Yaglom, M. (1993). Role of psychocultural factors in the adjustment of Soviet Jewish refugees: Applying Kleinian theory of mourning. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 23(2), 135–145.
References
Akhtar, S. (1999). Immigration & Identity: Turmoil, Treatment & Transformation. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 112–118.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L.,& Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youths: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303–332.
Brüderl, Josef, Peter Preisendörfer, and Rolf Ziegler (1992): Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations. American Sociological Review, 57: 227-242.
Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society: The Information Age: Economy, society and culture. New York, NY: WileyBlackwell, 427–449.
Corbett, M. (2007). Learning to leave: The irony of schooling in a coastal community. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing Company, 251 – 260.
De Soto, H., P. Gordon, I. Gedeshi and Z. Sinoimeri 2002. Poverty in Albania. A Qualitative Assessment. Washington DC: World Bank Technical Paper 520.
Hobsbawm, E. (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 193–198.
King, R., N. Mai and M. Dalipaj 2003. Exploding the Migration Myths. Analysis and Recommendations for the European Union, the UK and Albania. London: The Fabian Society and Oxfam, 93– 98.
Lijtmaer, R. M. (2001). Splitting and nostalgia in recent immigrants: Psychodynamic considerations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 29(3), 427–438.
Marlin, O. (1994). Special issues in the analytic treatment of immigrants and refugees. Issues in Psychoanalytic Psychology, 16(1), 7–16.
Marcus, P. (2001). Loss and renewal. In P. Suedfeld (Ed.), Light from the ashes (pp. 421–429). Detroit, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Mehta, P. (1998). The emergence, conflicts, and integration of the bicultural self: psychoanalysis of an adolescent daughter of South Asian immigrant parents. In S. Akhtar and S. Kramer (Eds.), The colours of childhood: Separation individuation across cultural, racial and ethnic diversity (pp. 129–168). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Mirsky, J. (1991). Language in migration: separation and individuation conflicts in relation to the mother tongue and the new language. Psychotherapy, 28(4), 618–624.
Nicholson, B. 2001. ‘From Migrant to Micro-entrepreneur: Do-It-Yourself Development in Albania’, South-East Europe Review, 4(3): 39-41.
Smith, A. D. (2007). Nationalism in decline? in M. Young et al. (eds.), Nationalism in a Global Era. NY: Routledge, 16–29.
Yaglom, M. (1993). Role of psychocultural factors in the adjustment of Soviet Jewish refugees: Applying Kleinian theory of mourning. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 23(2), 135–145.
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