Fenomeni i dhunës kibertinike dhe problematikataktuale të mbrojtjes juridiko penale ndaj saj
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55312/op.vi2.6185Abstract
Dhuna kibernetike duke qenë një fenomen relativisht i ri, i cili përfshin një shumëllojshmëri të gjerë krimesh, si term është ende i vështirë për t’u përcaktuar me saktësi.Ajo shpesh keqkuptohet dhe nuk merret seriozisht sa duhet. Megjithatë, mund të fillojë në internet, por shpesh përfundon jashtë realite-tit kibernitik me pasoja shkatërruese për viktimat dhe familjet e tyre. Kërcënimet për dhunë, përnd-jekje, nxitje për vetëvrasje, tërheqje të fëmijëve për qëllime seksuale, të gjitha mund të rezultojnë në vetëlëndimin e viktimës, ose në sulmin fizik nga autori fillestar. Është e rëndësishme të veprohet për të parandaluar shfaqjen e dhunës kibernetike dhe për të mbrojtur e sjellë drejtësi për viktimat. Shumica e vendeve po përpiqen të njohin aspektet e ndryshme të problemit dhe t’i adresojnë ato në ligjin e tyre të brendshëm. Disa prej tyre kanë ligje që trajtojnë në mënyrë specifike forma të veçanta të dhunës kibernetike. Megjithëse dhuna kibernetike ekziston prej disa vitesh, format e saj specifike duket se kanë filluar të identifikohen dhe kuptohen vetëm kohët e fundit. Disa lloje të dhunës kibernetike trajtohen plotësisht, ose pjesërisht në marrëveshjet ndërkombëtare, por shumë prej tyre mbeten përseri të pa adresuara. Prandaj Këshilli i Evropës po punon në të gjithë sektorët e tij (për shembull, përmes mekanizmave që lidhen me Konventën e Budapestit, Konventën e Stambollit dhe Konventën e Lanzarotes) për të siguruar që të drejtat e njeriut të respektohen edhe në hapësirën kibernetike, për të gjithë.Është e rëndësishme të theksojmë se shumë forma të dhunës kibernetike janë tashmë të adresuara në ligjin vendas ose ndërkombëtar nga dispozitat e «botës fizike» dhe hetimet penale nuk duhet të presin vetëm legjislacionin e ri. Kështu, kur kompjuterët përdoren për të shkaktuar ose lehtësuar dhunën nëpërmjet transmetimit të mesazheve që shkaktojnë dëme psikologjike, ose nëpërmjet reklamave për vrasje, përdhunim, rrëmbim ose trafikim të qenieve njerëzore, raste të tilla mund të ndiqen penalisht (në varësi të fakteve të tyre) si sulm, shkelje e privatësisë, kanosje, zhvatje, pornografi, ose vrasje, përndjekja, dhuna në familje, etj. Në këtë punim do të fokusohemi tek shfaqja e fenomenit të dhunës kibernitike në Shqipëri, adresimi ligjor i saj, duke identifikuar problematikat përkatesë, dhe nevojat për ndërhyrje.Keywords:
kibernitike, dhuna, krim, ligji penal, konventaDownloads
References
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Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Europe Region The Role of Bystanders”, © Commonwealth Secretariat 2023,
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Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY), Working Group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children, “Mapping study on cyber-violence” with recommendations adopted by the T-CY on 9 July 2018.
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Konventës Ndër-Amerikane për parandalimin, ndëshkimin dhe çrrënjosjen e dhunës ndaj grave (Konventa Belém do Para)
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Herring, Susan C. (2002). “Cyber Violence: Recognizing and Resisting Abuse in Online En-vironments. Asian Women 14 (Summer): 187-212, Indiana University, Bloomington USA.
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Scottish Government (2020) Preventing violence against women and girls - what works: ev-idence summary.
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Opinion on combatting online violence against women, European Commission Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, April 2020.
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F. Di Tano, I reati informatici e i fenomeni del cyberstalking, del cyberbullismo e del revenge porn, in Th. Casadei, S. Pietropaoli [a cura di], Diritto e tecnologie informatiche. Questioni di informatica giuridica, prospettive istituzionali e sfide sociali, Wolters-Kluwer, Cedam giu-ridica, Milano, 2021,
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V. Colomba, I diritti nel Cyberspazio. Architetture e modelli di regolamentazione. Con un saggio di Lawrence Lessing, Diabasis, Parma, 2015, pp. 75 e ss., in part. fq. 81
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Edoardo Buffagni “La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontar-la”Pubblicato il 10 Feb 2022, La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontarla - Agenda Digitale,.
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El Asam, Aiman; Samara, Muthanna. Cyberbullying and the law: A review of psychological and legal challenge. Computers in Human Behavior 65 (2016) 127-141.
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Tokunaga, Robert S. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of re-search on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 278.
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Van Leeuwen, J.C. Literature review on the research on cyberbullying definitions. Universi-teit Twente. (2012).
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Moore, Michael J.; Nakano Tadashi; Enomoto Akihiro; Suda Tatsuya. Anonymity and Roles Associated with Aggressive Posts in an Online Forum. Computers in Human Behavior (2012).
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Juvonen, Jaana; Gross Elisheva F. Extending the School Grounds?-Bullying Experience in Cyberspace. Journal of School Health. Vol. 78(9). (2008), 496-505.
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Smith, Peter K.; Mahdavi Jess; Carvalho Manuel; Fisher Sonja; Russell Shanette; Tippett Neil. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vol. 49(4). (2008), 376-385.
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Kowalski, Robin M.; Limber, Susan P. Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students. Journal Of Adolescent Health 41 (2007) S22-S30. Erdur-Baker, Özgür. Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society. Vol. 12(1). (2009), 109-125.
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Clark, Marilyn/Grech, Anna (2017): Journalists under Pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe. Council of Europe Publishing. Strasbourg. PAASONEN, Sussanna. Labors of love: netporn, Web 2.0 and the meanings of amateurism. New Media & Society 12(8) 1297–1312.
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ERNI, John Nguyet. Sex/Text: Internet Sex Chatting and “Vernacular Masculinity” in Hong Kong. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, Vol. 44, 56-60.
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Marcum, Catherine D.; Higgins, George E.; Ricketts, Melissa L., Juveniles and Cyber Stalking in the United States: An Analysis of Theoretical Predictors of Patterns of Online Perpetration. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 8, Issue 1, 48.
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Woodlock, Delanie (2016): The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking. Vi-olence Against Women. Volume: 23 issue: 5, page(s): 584-602
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Council of Europe/Data Protection and Cybercrime Division (2012): Protecting children against sexual violence: the criminal law benchmarks of the Budapest and Lanzarote Conven-tions (Discussion paper), Strasbourg, December 2012.
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- Çështja e Volodinës vs. Rusisë 14/12/2021
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- Çështja KU kundër Finlandës , nr 2872/02/ 2008.
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- Çeshtja Opuz kundër Turqisë , nr. 33401/02 ,ECHR 2009, dhe
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- Çështja Bălşan k. Rumania , nr.49645 /09, 23 maj 2017
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- Çështja Eremia v. the Republic of Moldova Nr. 3564/11 28/08/2013
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- Çeshtja Söderman v. Sweden (nr. 5786/08), ECHR 333 (2013) 12.11.2013
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Link:
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- http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077801216646277 https://www.wearethorn. org/sextortion/1880/
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- https://www.wired.com/2017/03/medical-devices-next-security-nightmare/
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References
A Guide for Women and Girls to Prevent and Respond to Cyberviolence, 2021 UN Women.
Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Europe Region The Role of Bystanders”, © Commonwealth Secretariat 2023,
Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY), Working Group on cyberbullying and other forms of online violence, especially against women and children, “Mapping study on cyber-violence” with recommendations adopted by the T-CY on 9 July 2018.
Konventës Ndër-Amerikane për parandalimin, ndëshkimin dhe çrrënjosjen e dhunës ndaj grave (Konventa Belém do Para)
Herring, Susan C. (2002). “Cyber Violence: Recognizing and Resisting Abuse in Online En-vironments. Asian Women 14 (Summer): 187-212, Indiana University, Bloomington USA.
Scottish Government (2020) Preventing violence against women and girls - what works: ev-idence summary.
Eige (European Institute for Gender Equality (2022b), ’Cyber violence against women’,
Opinion on combatting online violence against women, European Commission Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, April 2020.
F. Di Tano, I reati informatici e i fenomeni del cyberstalking, del cyberbullismo e del revenge porn, in Th. Casadei, S. Pietropaoli [a cura di], Diritto e tecnologie informatiche. Questioni di informatica giuridica, prospettive istituzionali e sfide sociali, Wolters-Kluwer, Cedam giu-ridica, Milano, 2021,
Edoardo Buffagni “La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontar-la”Pubblicato il 10 Feb 2022, La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontarla - Agenda Digitale,.
Th. Casadei, Corpi, soggetti, reti: una mappa sommaria delle sfide del presente, in Gf. Zanetti – Th. Casadei, Manuale di filosofia del diritto)
Frank H. Easterbrook, Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse, 1996 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 207. The reference is to an argument by Gerhard Casper, who, when he was dean of the University of Chicago Law School, boasted that the law school did not offer a course in “The Law of the Horse.” Id. at 207 (internal quotation marks omitted). The phrase originally comes from Karl Llewellyn, who contrasted the U.C.C. with the “rules for idiosyncratic transactions between amateurs.” Id. at 214.
V. Colomba, I diritti nel Cyberspazio. Architetture e modelli di regolamentazione. Con un saggio di Lawrence Lessing, Diabasis, Parma, 2015, pp. 75 e ss., in part. fq. 81
Edoardo Buffagni “La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontar-la”Pubblicato il 10 Feb 2022, La cyberviolenza è una forma di violenza domestica: come affrontarla - Agenda Digitale,.
Citron, Danielle K. Addressing Cyber Harassment: An Overview of Hate Crimes in Cyber-space. University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 2017-9, 2. See also “the Disturbing Rise of Cyberattacks against Abortion Clinics” in WIRED (10 May 2017)
El Asam, Aiman; Samara, Muthanna. Cyberbullying and the law: A review of psychological and legal challenge. Computers in Human Behavior 65 (2016) 127-141.
http://www.coe.int/en/web/children/bullying (link last checked on April 3rd 2017).
Tokunaga, Robert S. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of re-search on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 278.
Van Leeuwen, J.C. Literature review on the research on cyberbullying definitions. Universi-teit Twente. (2012).
Moore, Michael J.; Nakano Tadashi; Enomoto Akihiro; Suda Tatsuya. Anonymity and Roles Associated with Aggressive Posts in an Online Forum. Computers in Human Behavior (2012).
Juvonen, Jaana; Gross Elisheva F. Extending the School Grounds?-Bullying Experience in Cyberspace. Journal of School Health. Vol. 78(9). (2008), 496-505.
Besley, Bill. Published on http://www.cyberbullying.ca/ (link last checked 5th of April 2017).
Smith, Peter K.; Mahdavi Jess; Carvalho Manuel; Fisher Sonja; Russell Shanette; Tippett Neil. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vol. 49(4). (2008), 376-385.
Kowalski, Robin M.; Limber, Susan P. Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students. Journal Of Adolescent Health 41 (2007) S22-S30. Erdur-Baker, Özgür. Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society. Vol. 12(1). (2009), 109-125.
Clark, Marilyn/Grech, Anna (2017): Journalists under Pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe. Council of Europe Publishing. Strasbourg. PAASONEN, Sussanna. Labors of love: netporn, Web 2.0 and the meanings of amateurism. New Media & Society 12(8) 1297–1312.
ERNI, John Nguyet. Sex/Text: Internet Sex Chatting and “Vernacular Masculinity” in Hong Kong. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, Vol. 44, 56-60.
Marcum, Catherine D.; Higgins, George E.; Ricketts, Melissa L., Juveniles and Cyber Stalking in the United States: An Analysis of Theoretical Predictors of Patterns of Online Perpetration. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 8, Issue 1, 48.
Woodlock, Delanie (2016): The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking. Vi-olence Against Women. Volume: 23 issue: 5, page(s): 584-602
Council of Europe/Data Protection and Cybercrime Division (2012): Protecting children against sexual violence: the criminal law benchmarks of the Budapest and Lanzarote Conven-tions (Discussion paper), Strasbourg, December 2012.
Establishment of Harmonized Policies for the ICT (2012) Market in the ACP Countries, Cy-bercrime/e-Crimes: Model Policy Guidelines & Legislative TextsHarmonization of ICT Poli-cies, Legislation and Regulatory Procedures in the Caribbean.
Jurisprudencw e GJEDNJ:
- Çeshtja e Buturugă v. Romania (application no. 56867/15).ECHR 056 (2020) 10.02.2020.
- Çështja e Volodinës vs. Rusisë 14/12/2021
- Çështja KU kundër Finlandës , nr 2872/02/ 2008.
- Çeshtja Opuz kundër Turqisë , nr. 33401/02 ,ECHR 2009, dhe
- Çështja Bălşan k. Rumania , nr.49645 /09, 23 maj 2017
- Çështja Eremia v. the Republic of Moldova Nr. 3564/11 28/08/2013
- Çeshtja Söderman v. Sweden (nr. 5786/08), ECHR 333 (2013) 12.11.2013
Link:
- http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077801216646277 https://www.wearethorn. org/sextortion/1880/
- https://www.wired.com/2017/03/medical-devices-next-security-nightmare/
- https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/british-and-american-men-indicted-swatting; https:// www.fbi.gov/news/stories/the-crime-of-swatting-fake-9-1-1-calls-have-real-consequences1;
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- https://www.wired.com/story/track-location-with-mobile-ads-1000-dollars-study/
- https://www.wired.com/story/cyberattacks-against-abortion-clinics/
- https://www.coe.int/en/web/cyberviolence/types-of-cyberviolence
- https://www.coe.int/en/web/cyberviolence
- https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-prevent-violence-againstwomen-girls-summa-ry-evidence/pages/6/. Accessed 14 March 2023.
- https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/cyber-violence-against-women



