Turizmi I errët: piramida si atraksion turistik
Abstract
This article aims to give a framework of one of the most interesting types of tourism, that of "dark tourism". The article is structured into two sections, the first one covers some literature related to "dark tourism" and its main characteristics, having in consideration the typology of dark destinations according to Stone. The main questions include: What is "dark tourism" and which are the main destinations part of this tourism? Is this considered part of cultural heritage? Focusing in the typology of "dark sites" and the main groups that create this places, the Mausoleum of Enver Hoxha, known as Piramida (Pyramid) is taken as a case study in the second part of the article. May it be considered an attraction of "dark tourism"? Some interviews are analyzed in this part in order to understand the information tourists have and the reasons why tourists visit this place.
Keywords:
communism, heritage, dark tourism, tourists, Piramida (Pyramid)Downloads
References
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Adhami, Stilian. 2001. Muzeologjia shqiptare. Tiranë: Gervis
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Ashworth, Gregory dhe Rudi Hartmann. 2005. “Introduction: Managing Atrocity for Tourism”. Në Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited. The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism, përgatitur nga Gregory Ashworth dhe Rudi Hartmann, 11-14. New York: Cognizant Communication Cooperation
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Ashworth, Gregory dheJohn Tunbridge. 2000. The Tourist-historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City. Oxford: Pergamon.
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Foley, Malcolm dhe Lennon John. 1996. “JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination” International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (4), 198-211.
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Graham, Brian, Ashworth, Gregory. dhe John Tunbridge. 2000. A geography of heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. London: Arnold
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Klosi, Ardian dhe Artan Lame, përg. 2011. Piramida e Tiranës: e hijshme, e braktisur, e rrezikuar, Tiranë: Dudaj
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Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 1996. “JKF and dark tourism: a fascination with assassination”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2: 198-211
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Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 2000. Dark tourism: the attraction of death and disaster. Cengage Learning EMEA
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Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 2002. Dark tourism: the attraction of death and disaster. London, England: Continuum
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Light, Duncan. 2000. “An unwanted past: contemporary tourism and the heritage of communism in Romania”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol 6 (2): 145-160
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Light, Duncan. 2000. “Gazing on communism: heritage tourism and post- communist identities in Germany, Hungary and Romania” Tourism Geographies 2: 157-176
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MacCannell, Dean. 1999. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Macdonald, Sharon. 2006. “Undesirable Heritage: Fascist Material Culture and Historical Consciousness in Nuremberg”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(1): 9-28
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Macdonald, Sharon. 2009. Difficult heritage: negotiating the nazi past in Nuremberg and Beyond. New York: Routledge.
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Schouten, Frans. 2005. “The process of authenticating souvenirs” Në Cultural Torism in a changing world: Politics, Participation and (re)presentation, përgatitur nga Melanie K. Smith dhe Mike Robinson, 191-202. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
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Seaton, A.V. 1999. “War and thanatourism: Waterloo 1815 -1914”. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1): 130-158.
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Stone Philip. R. 2005. “Consuming dark tourism: a call for research.” Review of Tourism Research, Vol. 3 (5): 109-117.
-
Stone Philip. R. 2005. “Dark Tourism-an old concept in a new world”. Tourism, The Tourism Society, Quarter IV (25): 20.
-
Stone Philip. R. 2011. “Dark tourism: towards a new post-disciplinary research agenda,” Int. J. Tourism Anthropology, Vol. 1, (3/4): 318-332.
-
Stone, Philip dhe Richard Sharpley. 2008. “Consuming Dark Tourism: a Thanatological Perspective”. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2): 574–595.
-
Stone, Philip. R. 2006. “A dark tourism spectrum: towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions.” Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54 (2): 145–160.
-
Sharpley, Richard dhe Philip. R Stone. 2009. “(Re)presenting the macabre: interpretation, kitschification and authenticity.” Në The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, përgatitur nga Richard Sharpley dhe Philip R.Stone,109-128. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
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Sharpley, Richard. 2005. “Travels to the Edge of Darkness: Towards a Typology of Dark Tourism.” Në Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues, Concepts and Managerial Perspectives, përgatitur nga Chris Ryan, Stephen Page dhe Michelle Aicken, 217- 228. Oxford: Elsevier.
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Verdery, Katherine. 1999. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies:Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press.
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Walter, Tony. 2009. “Dark tourism: mediating between the dead and the living”. Në The Darker Side of Travel – The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, përgatitur nga Richard Sharpley dhe Philip Stone, 39-55. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
References
Adhami, Stilian. 2001. Muzeologjia shqiptare. Tiranë: Gervis
Ashworth, Gregory dhe Rudi Hartmann. 2005. “Introduction: Managing Atrocity for Tourism”. Në Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited. The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism, përgatitur nga Gregory Ashworth dhe Rudi Hartmann, 11-14. New York: Cognizant Communication Cooperation
Ashworth, Gregory dheJohn Tunbridge. 2000. The Tourist-historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City. Oxford: Pergamon.
Foley, Malcolm dhe Lennon John. 1996. “JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination” International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (4), 198-211.
Graham, Brian, Ashworth, Gregory. dhe John Tunbridge. 2000. A geography of heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. London: Arnold
Klosi, Ardian dhe Artan Lame, përg. 2011. Piramida e Tiranës: e hijshme, e braktisur, e rrezikuar, Tiranë: Dudaj
Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 1996. “JKF and dark tourism: a fascination with assassination”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2: 198-211
Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 2000. Dark tourism: the attraction of death and disaster. Cengage Learning EMEA
Lennon, John dhe Malcolm Foley. 2002. Dark tourism: the attraction of death and disaster. London, England: Continuum
Light, Duncan. 2000. “An unwanted past: contemporary tourism and the heritage of communism in Romania”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol 6 (2): 145-160
Light, Duncan. 2000. “Gazing on communism: heritage tourism and post- communist identities in Germany, Hungary and Romania” Tourism Geographies 2: 157-176
MacCannell, Dean. 1999. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Macdonald, Sharon. 2006. “Undesirable Heritage: Fascist Material Culture and Historical Consciousness in Nuremberg”. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(1): 9-28
Macdonald, Sharon. 2009. Difficult heritage: negotiating the nazi past in Nuremberg and Beyond. New York: Routledge.
Schouten, Frans. 2005. “The process of authenticating souvenirs” Në Cultural Torism in a changing world: Politics, Participation and (re)presentation, përgatitur nga Melanie K. Smith dhe Mike Robinson, 191-202. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Seaton, A.V. 1999. “War and thanatourism: Waterloo 1815 -1914”. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1): 130-158.
Stone Philip. R. 2005. “Consuming dark tourism: a call for research.” Review of Tourism Research, Vol. 3 (5): 109-117.
Stone Philip. R. 2005. “Dark Tourism-an old concept in a new world”. Tourism, The Tourism Society, Quarter IV (25): 20.
Stone Philip. R. 2011. “Dark tourism: towards a new post-disciplinary research agenda,” Int. J. Tourism Anthropology, Vol. 1, (3/4): 318-332.
Stone, Philip dhe Richard Sharpley. 2008. “Consuming Dark Tourism: a Thanatological Perspective”. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2): 574–595.
Stone, Philip. R. 2006. “A dark tourism spectrum: towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions.” Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 54 (2): 145–160.
Sharpley, Richard dhe Philip. R Stone. 2009. “(Re)presenting the macabre: interpretation, kitschification and authenticity.” Në The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, përgatitur nga Richard Sharpley dhe Philip R.Stone,109-128. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Sharpley, Richard. 2005. “Travels to the Edge of Darkness: Towards a Typology of Dark Tourism.” Në Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues, Concepts and Managerial Perspectives, përgatitur nga Chris Ryan, Stephen Page dhe Michelle Aicken, 217- 228. Oxford: Elsevier.
Verdery, Katherine. 1999. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies:Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press.
Walter, Tony. 2009. “Dark tourism: mediating between the dead and the living”. Në The Darker Side of Travel – The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism, përgatitur nga Richard Sharpley dhe Philip Stone, 39-55. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
English
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