Mbi variacionin leksikor në veprën “atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës shqipe”

Abstract

The reading and decoding of the Atlas of albanian language dialects, as an entity with a multiplicity of values, is made possible due to descriptive observation, due to the survey including the right notions addressed to all the subjects polled, due to the information provided by separate facts (phrases, forms and words recorded), dialect phenomena, isoglosses and linguistic and non-linguistic maps of geographical dimensions. Throughout this code we come across distinguishing features concerning the phonetic system, morphological diversity, syntactic distribution, lexical variation i.e. separate words, word forms and word types with regional and dialectical variation. Form and content has urged scientists to treat the word as a linguistic sign, as a unit of the linguistic system, but above all as a unit of lexical sub-systems. The word is the object of analysis concerning etymology, phonetic transformations, lexical and semantic family, synonyms, antonyms, semantic variation, hiperonimy as well as its structuring in sayings and proverbs. When talking about lexical variation we mean regionalism and dialecticisms. The definition of these notions is based on the general criteria and principles of the Atlas, which consider the contraposition of the dialects to one another or to the literary national Albanian language, as well as the classifications of distinguished Albanian lexicologists, to be the stepping stone for the comparison. The unit of the macro system and its concurrence with the changes, the regional and dialectical diversity can be better perceived due to the lexical data found in the maps of the second volume as well as some research carried out on some kinds of speeches, groups of speeches i.e. Albanian sub-dialects. According to the usage variation and dichotomy between unit and variegation, we could provide the following classification: a. words of the macro system; common Albanian language existing without variants in dialects, words and syntagmata of a range beyond the dialects. b. words that belong to the Northern dialect (Gegërisht) regardless of the context. c. words that belong to the Southern dialect (Toskërisht) regardless of the context. The linguistic dialectical repertoire enables us to study lexical synonymy as an added incentive to go beyond the regional language. According to this point of view we distinguish: a. Dialect words that form synonymic pairs with words of the Albanian lexical macro system: e.g. bobël- kërmill, gërshet-bisht. b. words from one type of speech forming synonymic pairs with words from another type: e.g. binjak-bliznjak, fole - strofkë etc. The lexical dialectical richness can be studied even from the lexical-grammatical point of view. This vast lexical fund consists mostly of significant words denoting concrete objects. Nevertheless, the proportion of these significant words is not the same; verbs and nouns come first, thus outnumbering the adverbs. When talking about the functional typology of the dialectical lexicon, one cannot forget to mention the borrowings from other languages either because of historic events or neighborly interactions of the Albanian language with the Slavic, Turkish, Greek and Italian. The analysis of the lexical elements borrowed from these languages has its own difficulties, yet research and classification for this lexical layer is made possible in our linguistics on the basis of “Combined research taking into consideration linguistic and non-linguistic data”. By means of a careful observation of the distribution of these lexical elements in the realm of the Albanian language dialects, it is noticed that Slavic and Greek borrowings are mainly regional, whereas those borrowed from Turkish go beyond that limitation and are considered as words of dialect. Semantic analysis of the lexical material in the atlas of Albanian language dialects allows us to distinguish thematic groups or semantic fields as well as the semantic volume and distribution of regional words. In the Atlas we encounter words that, in the course of time, have undergone phonetic changes or have developed regional meanings that have broadened their structure.